Text II
Text 2A
The finding of a study shows that psychotherapists and counselors regard crying during the process of therapy as constructive rather man destructive, though there may be some exceptions to this general rale such as depression, some neuropsychological conditions, and manipulative crying. Sometimes a patient enters the therapy office for the first session and may cry with relief within minutes in the presence of the therapist.
Often patients who cry during sessions whilst talking about subjects of crucial emotional importance to them, spontaneously say how much better they feel or may report in the next session how they were upset at the time but felt much better afterwards. Whereas in normal life people may try to steer others away from crying, in therapy the psychologist often steers into crying.
The research is also conducted in a laboratory. Hdwever, there is a dilemma, while people universally report crying is beneficial, the laboratory says something different, Perhaps this simply reflects the difference between the laboratory and real life. The laboratory requires experimental stimuli that are objectively similar for all subjects and the "weepie" movie is ideal to make people cry. In real life the stresses are personally meaningful and build up over days, weeks, months or sometimes years. They spontaneously come to a head; the person cries. This natural and personalized event is difficult to capture and study and the laboratory may simply be failing to come to grips with 'the real thing'.
Text 2B
The University of South Florida psychologists Jonathan Rottenberg and Lauren M. Bylsma, along with the colleague Ad J.J.M. Vingerhoets of Tilburg University describe some of their recent findings about the psychology of crying. They analyzed the detailed accounts of more than 3000 recent crying experiences, which occurred outside of the laboratory, and found that the benefit of crying depend entirely on the what, where and when of a particular crying episode. The researcher^ found that the majority of respondents reported improvements in their mood following a period of crying. However, one third of the survey participants reported no improvement in mood and a tenth felt, worse after crying. The survey also revealed criers who received social support during their crying episode were the. most likely to report improvements'in mood.
Volunteers who cry in a laboratory setting often, do not describe their experiences as being cathartic or making them feel better. Rather, crying in a laboratory setting often results in the study participants feeling worse; this may be due to the stressful conditions of the study itself, such as being videotaped or watched by research assistants. This may produce negative emotions, such as embarrassment, which neutralized the positive benefits usually associated with crying.
However, these laboratory studies have provided interesting findings about the physical effects of crying. Criers do show calming effects such as slower breathing, but they also experience a lot of unpleasant stress and arousal, including increased heart rale and sweating. What is interesting is that bodily calming usually lasts longer than the unpleasant arousal. The calming effects may occur later and overcome the stress reaction, which would account Tor why people tend to remember mostly the pleasant side of crying.
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The purpose of the writers of both texts is ...